Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. One was debt. Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. - send 2000 to rebels. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. Manage Settings Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . 14-16 / No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. Those who refused this were sent to prison. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. Elizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch - was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. King Philip of Spain sent an. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. Describe two threats posed by Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth in 1568 4. Ridolfis plan was to make Mary queen by first assassinating Elizabeth and then marrying Mary to the Duke of Norfolk. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. The attack was a success. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. In 1568, Spanish ships laden with gold bullion took refuge in English ports to escape the bad weather. Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. AQA GCSE History Paper 2 Section A 8145/2A/C - 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel GCSE History Paper 2: British depth study 1HI0 B1-B4 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel GCSE History Paper 2: Period study 1HIA P1-P5 - 21 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA A Level History Paper 1 (options A to L) 7042/1C - 26 May 2022 [Exam Chat], OCR A Level History Non-British period study: All Exams - 22 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel GCSE History Paper 1: Thematic study 1HI0 10-13 - 19 May 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA GCSE History Paper 2 Section B 8145/2B/C - 21 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA GCSE History Paper 2 Section A 8145/2A/A - 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA GCSE History Paper 1 Section B 8145/1B/C - 19 May 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel A Level History Paper 3: 9HI0 30-39 - 22 June 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA GCSE History Paper 1 Section B 8145/1B/B - 19 May 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel GCSE History Paper 3: Modern depth study 1HI0 30-33 - 9 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel A Level History Paper 2: Depth Study 9HI0 2A-2H - 10 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat]. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. Student / You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. In 1571, he developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth using his Catholic contacts in England and Europe. Copy. Born: 7 September 1533. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. . As the Spanish had lost these to Drake, they were forced to make their barrels from unseasoned wood, which couldnt preserve food or water very well. Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. Before the rebel army was able to reach Tutbury, a large royal army forced them to retreat. Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. West Yorkshire, Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. James also pledged to help Elizabeth if invaded. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. The conspirators including Babington were all. In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. VAT reg no 816865400. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. - large religious threat as shows the chance of invasion increased due to the fact Spain and France could unite together against England. By 1568 most people had accepted. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). Upon his arrival, he accepted the position of Governor-General which proved to be a big mistake as it suggested that Elizabeth had taken control of the Netherlands. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. Write a paragraph or two. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd explanation. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Burghley also spelled Burleigh, also called (1551-71) Sir William Cecil, (born Sept. 13, 1520, Bourne, Lincolnshire, Eng.died Aug. 5, 1598, London), principal adviser to England's Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . . Spouse: None. It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. LS23 6AD I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). Boston House, You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. . The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. Save. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. Between the period between 1577 and 1580, Drake sailed around the world and carried out a number of raids on Spanish settlements and ships. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. The first being Elizabeth's refusal of marriage to Phillip if Spain. However, the Dutch had always governed themselves. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . - navy to firth of Forth. Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. Spanish invasion plans. Boston House, Suitable for the Edexcel GCSE History (9-1) course. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . - Leith blockade. he could also overthrow her. Boston Spa, - death of henry II. There was also a fear that France and Scotland, alongside Spain, could launch an invasion of England as part of a greater Catholic crusade against the rogue English Protestant nation. When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. J. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. 1558 -french threat. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. From there we will look at the career . In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. Elizabeth I: a biography. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two.