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Damascus was …

This was due in part to the preaching of Islam's message, in part to Muslim traders who spread the religion and in part due to conquest. Built around the excavated hill of the Crucifixion, legend has it that Constantine's mother Helena discovered the True Cross here.

During the late Ancient and early Medieval periods, Islam was founded and spread quickly throughout the Middle East, Northern Africa and parts of Europe and Asia.

Known as " The Lion of... Umar ibn Khattab, Umar, also spelled Omar, was one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history.

During the Ancient Period, Muslim armies were loosely organized, with each individual soldier responsible for …

Because it is now almost axiomatic for American school textbooks to whitewash all things Islamic (see here for example), it may be instructive to examine one of those aspects that are regularly distorted: the Muslim conquests.. Few events of history are so well documented and attested to as are these conquests, which commenced soon after the death of the Muslim prophet Muhammad (632) …

Ruled by a caliph (Arabic khalifah, ‘successor’), the caliphate grew rapidly during its first two centuries.

The Umayyad conquest of North Africa continued the century of rapid Muslim military expansion following the death of Muhammad in 632. Throughout Islamic history, wars against non-Muslims, even when motivated by political and secular concerns, were termed jihads to grant them religious legitimacy. Islam and Europe Timeline (355-1291 A.D.) 355: After removing a Roman temple from the site (possibly the Temple of Aphrodite built by Hadrian), Constantine I has the Church of the Holy Sepulcher constructed in Jerusalem. It’s just a very good example of how the Saudi Arabian dynasty is doing its damnedest to remain in power and as Guardian of the Holy Places, Mecca and Medina. Key concepts: the spread of Islam Our mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere.

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Caliphate, the state comprising the Muslim community in the centuries after the death of Muhammad. Muhammad Mustafa, the Messenger of God, had to fight a series of battles in the defense of Islam from his new home in Medina. Under the Umayyads (c. 661-750), whose Syrian Arab forces were the backbone of the army, the cavalry began to divide into light and heavy units, with the unarmored light horsemen used for scouting and the well-armored heavy units (horse armor may have come into …

Dynastic struggles later caused its decline, and it ceased to … The early Muslim conquests (Arabic: الفتوحات الإسلامية ‎, al-Futūḥāt al-Islāmiyya), also referred to as the Arab conquests and the early Islamic conquests began with the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the 7th century. 5 Epic Battles That Changed History Forever .

Learn about the Arab Muslim conquests and the establishment of the caliphate.

Muslim military leaders Ali ibn Abi Talib, one of the earliest followers and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked.

The military city-state of Sparta was founded around 900 B.C and reached its pinnacle of power in 481 B.C. The core of the Islamic world was the ancient Near East, first unified under the Persian Achaemenid empire of the 6-4th centuries BCE, and later by the Greco-Roman Christian civilization. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Those battles in which he led the army of Islam in person, are called “Ghazwa” and those expeditions which he sent out from Medina under the command of any one of his companions, are called “Sariyya”. By 640 the Arabs controlled Mesopotamia, had invaded Armenia, and were concluding their conquest of Byzantine Syria. He established a new unified polity in the Arabian Peninsula which under the subsequent Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates saw a century of rapid expansion.